First Cooperation motivation and internal friction *
mm biography of Sun Yat-sen on the two study notes
EXAMINATION
cause. The first KMT-CPC cooperation and division, the future direction of the two parties as well as the fate of Chinese history, had a huge and deep impact, and even a threat to the political situation in China today. explore the motivation for the beginning of bipartisan cooperation , friction and calm during the production of summing up the historical lessons from our mistakes in order to promote the healthy development of the two parties, when there is a certain sense.
Professor Shi Fulin of rearranged related discourse, trying to tease out a KMT-CPC cooperation to friction and eventually led to the split context.
a motive
(a) of the Sun and the KMT
1, the need of the revitalization of the KMT .
that time, the backbone around the Sun during the Revolution, such as Huang Xing, Song Jiaoren and so on are successively dying, young Zhu Zhixin killed pass away, the Republic of complex political situation even worse, the revolutionary party in the political race in a distinct disadvantage. In particular, in June 1922, Sun Yat-sen Chen relied on the revolutionary rebellion, Shanghai and Guangzhou, two cities to carry out regular and meaningful work. hh Sun Yat-sen is not a particularly effective organization workers, when he was busy in Guangzhou, when the government, appeared to ignore party's favor. (Wei , pages 216-217)
Sun Yat-sen led the October Revolution from the Bolshevik success and victory in the establishment of Soviet power, had learned the consistency of the failure for his thought, one of the founding of political parties model. He believes that a large number of Soviet Russia information revolution can learn from the experience. He hopes to help the Communist Party of the Zhongshan praised the achievements of Soviet Russia. He admired the discipline of Russian Communists, in particular the leadership of the armed forces the envy of the party. especially when the revolution led by Sun Yat-sen became the a large army is the protection of the Soviet Revolution. (history, page 201)
1923 年 11 25, Sun Yat-sen to the party comrades gave a lecture that the main purpose of the reorganization, aiming at the The party's influence extended to the provinces in Mainland China, while the party does not rely on military force alone, but rely on the strength of the party itself. In the past, why the KMT fail? because the party lacks a model and a precedent, and now we have made from the Russian Revolution these things. .
Previously, Sun Yat-sen repeated cold foreign powers, the Soviet Union turn to new country assistance. While Guangzhou and Russia are far apart geographically, but the Sun fantasy, through the support of his military forces and Russian Red Army in the joint efforts of the Chinese Army to recover in Beijing. (Wei, page 145) Sun also believe that if the Communist Party of their own careers is developed, it will become a rival for Soviet aid. And if he does not cooperate with the Communists, Russia will choose another candidate as those who like Chen. Sun exclusive Soviet assistance to the arms, money, and sent a consultant, as he make his own party to become the most important revolution of the vehicle and his vision The Department of State in the political tutelage of administrative powers only temporarily, like. the more he understood the victory of the Bolsheviks, the more determined to implement the one-party dictatorship of the plan. (history, page 189-190)
but Sun Yat-sen and Soviet Union, Communist China cooperation is not without reservations. early conversation with Lu Zou, he said, , drive straight to the Soviet Union and the. the situation is. Argentina's radical redistribution of land request. (history, page 207)
1923 年 5 months, Sun warned at the moment is teaching him how to reorganizing the Kuomintang's Ma Lin: To expel them; Soviet Communists, if the side stand, I will oppose the Soviet Union. hope to catch up, and urgently seek Russia's help, but his purpose and Russia, Communist leaders whose purpose is different interesting. (Wei, page 212)
(b) aspects of the Chinese Communists and the Soviet Union
Although the beginning, the Communist Party does not attach importance to Sun Yat-sen and his party, some people even suspect that their cooperation is worthwhile. However, by the united front, not only to obtain a greater range of activities, but also benefited from the KMT reputation and better social status. At this point the number of less than 300 Communist Party, the KMT in the country is officially at least several thousand members, the students and the trade unions in Guangzhou and many more sympathizers. the Communist Party finds that the KMT was the only number of reputation is the main asset of the KMT. Comintern that the Sun is expected to become a submissive ally. (history, page 189)
1923 At the beginning of the Comintern leadership decided, should be seen as the Kuomintang and Sun Yat-sen led the Chinese National Revolutionary Movement outstanding candidates, they are ready to conditionally support the Sun. He must transform his party, a clear goal of the party so opposed to imperialism, to allow the Communists to work within the Kuomintang in order to organize from a mass proletarian revolutionary movement. (Wei, page 211)
Borodin praised the potential of the KMT, although it However, this situation will come, and coming. kinds of fighting spirit and national organizations. so to make this party possible that China is rapidly awakening from the great spirit of nationalism, drawing more power. conditions, rooted in the kinds of semi-colonial status, workers would have no hope to achieve their goals. questions about the well-known national and colonial theory that the backward colonial countries in the Communist Party can participate in the national revolutionary movement, but must maintain and strengthen their own independent organization, in order to facilitate preparing to launch a proletarian socialist revolution. Communist leaders in the reluctantly agreed to join his party is leading the national revolutionary movement, while the KMT to convey instilled such a strategy. (Wei, page 290)
1922 年 11 months, the Communist International held in Moscow in the Fourth Congress of the Communist Party explained the purpose of joining the KMT. A representative of China boasted: International Executive Committee decided: CPC resolution of the three most recent follow the Communist International, to further define: the increase in the transformation of the Communist Party of the Kuomintang forces at the same time. (history, page 198)
1923 年 10 held on 17 May, including the most prominent communists, Socialist Youth League and union leaders attended the meeting, Borodin said: the growth and expansion. (Grove, p. 223)
visible, Borodin openly advocated that the KMT by making the combat more nationalistic approach to the restructuring of the revitalization of the KMT, the KMT under the leadership of such nationalist struggle and the workers sports cooperation; and he and his comrades more sensitive to talk about is the ultimate goal is to strengthen the power of the Communist Party. (Wei, page 223).
Second, friction
(a) of the party platform on the Constitution the beginning of the debate
KMT-CPC cooperation have given rise to friction. Kuomintang Communist Party of the old comrades suspected of using only the name of the KMT. overseas Chinese to refer to Sun Yat-sen whether the reorganization was to change the Communist Party of the Kuomintang, and if so, they will quit the party. (Grove, p. 244)
serious challenge to the KMT for the first time in December 1923, led by the Kuomintang DENG Ze such as the 11 Division in Guangdong Province leaders presented a submission to the Sun, charged that the Constitution and the constitution, the draft platform, etc., from Borodin's planned implementation of multi-conductor, and these policies is based on the Communist Party before this opinion Chen's decision. They sued, Chen came forward through the activities of his followers, he himself is behind the scenes pull strings. They attacked Chen and Sun Yat-sen before the theories of contempt, but now it has led his gang members, the group ran to go, join the KMT. This is a conspiracy: the shell by the Kuomintang, the Communist Party into the soul. and predicted that the new electoral law by the KMT, he wrote, the new draft constitution, He stated the success of the Russian Revolution the Chinese revolution failed because the KMT is still unknown member of the Three People's Principles had. )
Sun wrote, mocking Three Principles of the young communists, the worship of the Russian Revolution of wrangling over when the believers. tried exclusion and discredit the KMT swept the monopoly because they need the friendship of Russia and to prevent the Russians and I party contact, listen to his manipulation. he presented to impeach the book to ensure the protesters, the leaders of Russia is a rich background, there are caucus work experience, they will not be such juvenile by the ignorance and Kuipo their tricks. awakening many people to join our party. I doubtless abandon.
our revolution to the countries that are not happy to learn, try to help me who to fight against my party. Therefore, the national capital is absolutely no sympathy in my party. The sympathetic look,
only Russia and the oppressed of the oppressed countries and peoples. The Russians contact me also the meaning of non-Chen, is also Russian automatic. If I was
Chen and even suspected and Russia, is the plan for the middle of Chen, And He Dezhi carry. hh
1924 年 1 month, the KMT Borodin will argue in a special declaration to include the following: confiscation of large landowners of the land, not property confiscated the land where the landlord lived, and the allocation of land to tenant farmers. Sun Yat-sen was not persuaded, and he even opposed the Declaration appear in this section: Request that the KMT, it is necessary and other oppressed countries, the national revolutionary movement against imperialism united front, and revolutionary movement suspicion because of their misinterpretation of Livelihood. Livelihood essentially includes the theory of socialism, and socialism in turn includes a lower-level set of communism and the communist theory. in the Kuomintang and communist doctrine and between No big difference. Russia today is not the practice of communism, seen in her true effectiveness of the policy, but a livelihood policies. If you understand these principles, new and old comrades can dispel misunderstandings doubt. (Wei, page 245) < br> That being said, to January 23, of the organization he proposes to the National Government's program. According to Borodin's records, from overseas branches of the party's representative produced, officials, businessmen and landlords (Borodin see them as villains rogue) do everything possible to persuade the Sun Yat-sen originally intended to give a declaration. Borodin to try to persuade him to, and use fear Shulman Minister Sun leaked transcript of fear, and ultimately persuaded the Sun. Sun Yat-sen President of the Assembly the same day the pro, and The first voted in favor. declaration adopted. (Wei, page 246)
[U.S.] Schiffrin of 1996 edition.
[U.S.] Wei Muting the KMT and become a KMT member, .1 24, Shanghai Representative He Shizhen to the Review Committee recommended that the new Constitution with a Bill to prohibit the KMT party members also belong to another party .1 28, when the constitution is about to deliver the General Assembly vote, Guangzhou Representative Fangrui Lin added a recommendation: , with great sincerity, humility and courtesy of euphemism terms, the KMT's , as only the Kuomintang called this task, therefore, resolutely decided to join the KMT party members, it engage in the national revolution under the leadership of the struggle. the reason they joined the KMT, is contributing to the KMT came, God forbid, by the KMT in the name of the movement comes as the Communist Party. They joined the KMT, in an individual capacity, not as a political party to join. Communist Party is the world organization as a branch of the Third International, as both a national revolution is now also the world so that the Chinese Communists and the KMT can play the third international liaison and linkage between the role. Sun have promised to retain their membership in the Third International.
zhao assured delegates that the Communists to participate in the KMT the above-board behavior, not a conspiracy sneaky move. those reasons should be subject to discipline in the party. We are all comrades who hope to our ancestors, the party promised us not only to participate, that do not have to happen for us to suspicion, to be in the control. hh only suspicion control, real-oriented obstacles to the party promising, almost definitely not be modified without the date of the party clearly expose and eliminate it. from this past, our ancestors are all comrades of the day to work long, we in this behavior and attitudes in the party, when can levy experience we dedicate to the cause of national revolution, that is loyal to the party, I wish all our ancestors guide and support the teaching of Comrade. Wang made a very telling point: Since the anarchists joined the KMT allowed, how do not allow party members? He mentioned the three famous anarchists: Wu Chih-hui, Li Shih-tseng, and Zhang. Some representative said that as long as the Sun Yat-sen and the Communist party is satisfied with this, there is no reason to fear that they join the KMT. Finally, a show of hands, whether the tactic of the motion.
However, abnormal deformity of the state still exists. Kuomintang Constitution provides for a secret , is the practice of Bolsheviks as a model. The Chinese Communist Party under the leadership of a KMT to win control of the union very similar to the plan. in the work of the Communists and the Kuomintang Youth League, must comply with strict and uniform discipline. Thus, in this same time, the KMT plans to infiltrate the form of disciplined group to other groups, the Chinese Communist Party is also using the same strategy to penetrate the Kuomintang!
Zhongshan nominated by the 24-member Central Executive Committee Members. Kuomintang at prestigious veteran, the infiltrated three party members: Tan Pingshan, Li Dazhao and the Shuter. proposed by Sun Yat-sen in the 17 Central Executive Committee Alternate Seven of Communists: Shen-yi, Lin Zuhan, Mao Zedong, in the Ark, Qu, Han Lin Fu and Chang Kuo-tao. selected 10 party members joined the KMT's highest executive body, means: to give young leaders, Sun Yat-sen political affairs in the party have a minority voice in the grand vision of gas and confidence.
Central Committee members back to their residence, to establish the party's local executive department to oversee the provinces and major cities in the party's development work. Central Executive Committee elected a three-member panel's daily routines: Zhongkai, Dai and Tan Pingshan mm three were left. They also decided to establish some central institutions, and assigned ministers. the salient features of the central institutions, the Left Party members in particular plays a key role. Communists Tan Pingshan, led the management of KMT members and approval of the party's branches at all levels of the Organization Department; responsible for another party member Lin Zuhan Department of farmers; Kuomintang led the workers left the Ministry of Zhongkai. Each department is the secretary of Communist Party members, they were safe Yang Pao, surging and Feng Ju slope and so on. (Wei, pages 248-251)
(b) on the Communist Party in the debate on the issue within the KMT caucus
1924 年 5 months, the activities of the KMT party members the way for more widespread and strong protest. When the KMT members found Communist Brochure: June 1923 and August of three Communist Youth League's second largest by the thank members of the Central Committee held. According to records, a KMT member to participate in the Communist Party held to thank the Socialist Youth League to produce a enlarged meeting of the Committee reports and resolutions adopted by the.
center; by the Kuomintang in Shanghai, the work of the Youth Department, of the Federation. On the KMT Youth League members in the work attitude of the resolution to remind: the KMT's top organizations, the Youth League members to oppose unnecessary contradiction or conflict. Then In this publicity publishing, people's organizations and other practical exercise, where on the national revolution should be the name of the Kuomintang,
classified as the KMT's work. This is due to: (a) can reduce the human and financial resources; (b) allow the KMT easy-to-development; (c) make all efforts to expand
momentum compared with the effect, and concentrated. but we think necessary items, while the KMT will not use the activities in its name, is still an independent party as the
activities.
(8) organizations in the development of the KMT, the party on the development of this, of course, can not stop. But introduces new elements added to the party, it must
very carefully chosen, where for the party doctrine of non- , strategy and party discipline to fully understand, a sincere person willing to serve the party, not lightly to join.
not sound elements added lightly, we intend not only got me to the KMT misunderstanding of their members, and gradually make the party organization relaxation disorders.
(Wei, pages 291-293)
how to master the Communists committed to using the KMT after the intelligence and related activities, Xie and Zhang held early in June to Guangzhou, the Sun Yat-sen and other KMT leaders impeachment in front of the Communist Party.
At the same time, the CCP leaders are also considering measures to re-.5 On 10 April, held in Shanghai, the central secret of the enlarged meeting of the plenary session, in view of , re-provision the Communists in the role of other parties. the struggle between the Communists and called for strengthening the work of left-wing forces. Party members must warned that arrange for their own party members in order to promote the Suo business to go. the majority of party members should focus, in the workers, peasants, young intellectuals to work in order to expand the impact of the Communist Party and the organization. (Wei, page 294)
protest against the Communist leaders in the KMT organizations established within the KMT caucus, Chen argued that the establishment of caucus organization was intended to guide the Communist Party comrades, to comply with resolutions of the KMT and discipline, positive work; not to fight their power within the KMT, downtown faction and engage in other non- things conducive to the KMT. Chen said with emotion, if he is the Kuomintang, but also against the CCP's caucus organization approach. individual leaders to protest the KMT, he shall not be taken lightly. However, Chen and Chang Kuo-tao after lengthy discussion concluded that the Communist Party dissolved the KMT, it is surely not acceptable; abandon established within the KMT caucus in the way the organization is not acceptable. or default Communist Kuomintang continued existence of the party organizations, or the Communist Party as early as possible withdraw from the Kuomintang, in the future to find another party and party co-operation. (Wei, page 295)
6 1 March, members of the KMT party headquarters in Guangzhou and yellow quarter of Sun Lu suggested that the Communist Party headquarters should be limited to encouraging unrest. Zhang in Guangzhou a speech, will be made public .6 14 contradictions, Xie support to the Central Executive Committee of a draft report presented to .6 18, such as the Central Monitoring Committee DENG Ze, Zhang and Xie support to the KMT Central Executive Committee of the Prime Minister and the present the official , all of which the date of signing, are later than zhao First Congress of the Kuomintang made the statement: the Communist Party joined the KMT is no hidden agenda. impeached last excerpt from the book zhao comments to the Congress the text book and malicious manner and the Communist Party and Youth League of secret documents were compared. (Wei, page 296)
the opinions of impeachment were restrained by the moderate gradually began intense. In their view, definitely not suitable for the party in the party, The caucus organization is such a performance. Communist defraud the Prime Minister, in order to attract buyers of its plans. impeached who have charged that the Communist Party of China, the Chinese Socialist Youth League members, only joined the party of all, advocate for the current situation of the Communist Party, and for strengthening the party. organizations to use printed materials to the KMT's attempt to promote themselves and practices, for example, promotional materials into the KMT Central Executive Committee member appointed in key positions of a firm's non-minority; pointed out the students, youth, women, workers, farmers in all aspects, the two parties are actually working in the same front, the fact; particularly unusual is that the KMT sent Organization party of the commissioner, there were real communist party in the majority. out of fear of the future fate of the KMT, DENG Ze eg, Zhang, Xie argued for the Central Executive Committee, made the fundamental solution. (Wei, pages 296-297)
June 25, Xie held, Zhang met with the Borodin, the two sides heated debate. protest against the Chinese, Borodin argued that inner-party struggle is to strengthen the center of the KMT and the formation of a strong group means. He said, Third International decided to only use the Kuomintang Chinese National Revolutionary party platform, if there are any party members who do not must abide by the order is considered violation of orders. He warned that Marxism and the KMT is still the same, separated only strength was the revolution, the future will be negative. China policy, will be joining the Chinese Communists about the KMT to manipulate, not support. If so, why still need a separate Communist Party? he replied:
KMT cadres not to organize the central well, can not command all party members, but also failed to question the relationship between the national best, and always have advocated. Communist
own organization can not be canceled. Kuomintang by majority resolution is free to expel Communists from the party, but do not want to do so. (Wei, page 299)
the outcome of the talks who is also did not give up their positions. Borodin and the Russian co-operation seems to speak very clear terms: Party members must stay within the Kuomintang and the Communist Party to maintain an independent organization.
7 3 May, the KMT Central Executive Committee of the Fourth meeting, adopted a resolution, although attached to the impeachment book, but insisted the original proposal remain unchanged: do not belong to any school regardless of their past, are treated according to party members. a violation of the General Assembly Declaration and platforms who are able to discipline the party of justice. Party comrades no doubt, still according to the preceding struggle. The Commission also issued a declaration, the tone of persuasion to induce repeated the position. (Wei, pages 299-300)
but a piece of paper criticized the Universal Declaration did not silence the voice of protest. Beijing is clearly exacerbated by the news that kinds of contradictions: the KMT party members, tried to and Beijing, the KMT grassroots organizations in different, or the Central Executive Committee were sent to the Sun Yat-sen was the case of 15 anti-Communist Flag .7 6, set up at the party headquarters in Guangzhou, Zhang published an anti-communist speech re Shensan Min Wang Marxism is the only theory to refute the arguments of certain Communist .8, Guangzhou and Macao have sent hundreds of people signed the case report, asked Sun to weed out Communists from the KMT. (Wei, pages 300-301 )
(c) temporarily quell the dispute
the KMT Central Executive Committee on August 15 to 22 for five days between the opening plenary session, August 19,20 and 21, the meeting discussed the Communist Party in the KMT problems. In the first meeting, the Central Committee Zhang explains the purport of the book of impeachment, and presented his view that the Central Executive Committee members must pay attention to the seven points.'s position on behalf of the Communist Party spokesman Qu, He started the nature of Marxism, Marxism and the Three People's Principles that whether there is cooperation possible; in the organization, the KMT has the necessary capacity of the Communist Party of cooperation. Then he organized for the role of the so-called caucus suspected problem, expressed their views. He bluntly , since the existence of a Communist Party outside the KMT, the KMT can not make the same action without the Communist Party. substantive issues should be: whether their actions violated the party's declaration and the constitution of the party. If a violation of their personal qualifications to join the KMT not only to have the discipline to justice the Kuomintang. If the session decided the country, a total separation, then, can greatly to say that the Communist Party caucus organization development sufficient to erode the Kuomintang. ... If, regardless of
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