Transmigration

 I played this forum to play with another forum to another forum hh back this forum, called a cycle. The broader market's 5.30 from 2007 to 3400 after a storm 365 days after twists and turns of Meta's 2008.5.30 and came back to 3400, is the act of God or man?
reincarnation and the rings have a round of word, but the meaning is quite different interpretation.
cycle (pronounced: lun hui) explained: ① cycle: This cycle, the final Ho Chi pole. ② also known as the this world of pain. 【transliteration of the Sanskrit Buddhist term】
Suo Luo. that beings from the industry because of confusion (greed, hatred, and delusion the three poisons) and recruit a sense of the Three Realms [ url], six [ url] the life and death cycle , just as the rotary wheel, never ending, so called reincarnation. and for the life and death, reincarnation, life and death continued with, reincarnation, occupied by the enemy back, transfer, rotation. Brahmanism of the ancient India as one of the main teachings of Buddhism followed the and developed, into its own doctrines. Brahmanism four castes and untouchables in that reincarnation can tell never hit the same. Buddhism, karma claim before the creatures are equal, the lower caste, if rehabilitated German life, the afterlife can be born a fine caste, and even students to the heavens; the upper castes if evil life, the afterlife will be born in lower caste, and even go to hell, and thus explain the reasons for human inequality.
】 【reincarnation and religion < br> samsara is the basic theory of Buddhism that is never in a state of life and death cycle, cycle routes have six, depending on the cycle lane which one did when alive, the good and evil. For example, do evil things, died the next hell, tortured, reborn after serving their sentences become pigs, pigs recycled after death depends on the pig alive like the wheels generally loop. transmigration flow range of a total of six classes, Buddhism known as the six, that is, from top to bottom: the Gods, Human, Shura (God) Road, Bang Sheng Road, ghosts, hell Road, which are due to the five precepts and ten good deeds Wicked Wu Ni (Treatise is the opposite of Wicked, patricide, Shamu, Ocean killing, destruction of harmony in the Sangha, the Buddha's body out of the blood, known as the Wu Ni) and some categories , Five Precepts is divided into upper and lower Treatise Mishina, induced days, people, Shura of the three, Wicked Wuni divided into the upper Mishina, induced Bangsheng, ghosts, hell three. for good karma, Born on the three, evil industry, was born in the next three.
ring nianlun
[annual ring] the growth of trees in one year produced a layer, it appears as if the cross section of one (or several a) round, revolve around the past produced some of the same round. (the years of growth, increasing age), I read the writings of Liang Xiaosheng Origin】
carpenter from ancient times, to know that there are tree rings, with rings, only appeared on the wood texture. As far as we know, Aristotle's colleagues had said the Chinese New Year round, but to arrive. Finch is only the first time rings around each year. Today is already well known: spring, Vientiane update, next to the bark inside the cells begin to split; split the large wall of the cell after Thick, fresh color, scientists call the early wood; after the cell growth slowed down, the wall is thicker, smaller in size, become darker in color, this is called late wood, the trunk in the dark ring is formed by the late wood. After that, the tree and into the winter dormancy period, again and again, endless cycle. Thus, the backbone of many trees will generate around and around in shades of white rings, each ring is a growing part of the year. This ring The most prominent in the coniferous, temperate deciduous trees in the most obvious, but many tropical trees are not.
tree is a living file, trunk rings is recorded. It not only shows the age of the trees themselves, but also that the annual precipitation and temperature change. ring may also record forest fires, early frost, and the lessons from the surrounding environment of chemical composition. Therefore, if we know how to reveal the secrets of the tree, it will tell us from It was born from, a lot of things happening around. trees can tell us of written things that happened before, you can also tell us something about the future. tree on meteorological records can help us understand the natural forces that contribute to weather, and which in turn help us predict the future.
】 【ring causes the formation of
This is the 1957 International Association of Wood Anatomists published rules about the structure and activities.
cambium (or cambium) is developed from the original formation of a layer of infinite capacity of the secondary meristem meristem. in the plant life , it continues to produce secondary phloem outward, inward produce secondary xylem.
layer formed by the spindle-shaped cells and ray source composed of primitive cells. axial elongation of the spindle-like primary cells, both ends of the wedge, in more than a rectangular cross section, cut in to the large radial width, the length of cells several times larger than the width.
the original by the spindle-shaped cells derived from secondary xylem and secondary phloem axial system. ray primitive cells smaller, almost as equal diameter or longer. such primitive cells derived from secondary xylem and phloem of the radial system.
Although these two types of primitive cells vary greatly in external morphology, but the basic ultrastructure the same. In the formation level during the event, the original cell with a 1m2 a large vacuole middle, surrounded by ribosome-rich cytoplasm and Golgi apparatus, and the well-developed endoplasmic reticulum. dormant cambium, the original cells, the vacuoles become smaller The number increased, the Golgi vesicles and endoplasmic reticulum is also reduced, cells also appeared more protein bodies and oil droplets, which are often stored materials to be used when growing season starts next year.
woody root or radial stem thickening, mainly through the spindle-shaped cells periclinal divisions of the original results, which slow the process of mitosis, such as conifers, each time to be split 4 for a 6 days (stem apical meristem cells only 8m18 hours). When a spindle-like primitive cells periclinal division into two daughter cells, one derived for the xylem mother cell (or the original xylem cells), or Brown List phloem mother cell (or phloem initial cells ). Another primitive cells remained spindle-shaped meristematic state. in the active layer during the formation, some cells had divided or are split, some of the state is still in the meristem, so that the cambium has become a very broad and not divided cell area. In this area, the cambium layer of primitive cells in the real, and also includes a derivative of undifferentiated cells. Because cell morphology indistinguishable from the above types of cells, for convenience, people will be collectively referred to as the formation of these cells floor area (or the formation of layers with).
cut from the cambial region look to the section to form a layer arrangement of the original cell divided into two types: one is in the linden (Tilia) and black locust are (Robinia) and other plants formation layer, spindle-shaped arrangement of the original cells were almost the same level layer, called the formation of stacked layers of Health. First, the original spindle-shaped cells, invasive growth, so that the end of the longitudinal elongation of the cells intersect, not arranged in the same horizontal layer , the so called non-storeyed cambium, such as Castanea (Castanea) and Juglans (Juglans) and other plants.
spindle-shaped cells in order to meet the original stem or root of the radial enlargement, has also conducted cell division, to increase the number of primitive cells, such as the proliferation of special split apart. in different plants, the proliferation is not the same way split, as in the formation of a stacked layer of raw plants, mostly oriented radial anticlinal division in non-storeyed cambium of conifers and some dicots, it is common for the false split horizontally, or oblique anticlinal division. from the original spindle-shaped cells formed by splitting the ray blast cells, which is a common phenomenon. ray source horizontal cell itself or anticlinal division, and finally the formation of single or multi-column-ray.
the growth of woody plants in temperate regions, with seasonal climate change, but also clearly reflected in the cambium cycle activities. winter cambial initial cells stopped dividing, restoration activities began the following spring, to the waning of summer and autumn, and then stop the activity. again and again, year after year. When the original cambium cell recovery activities can be divided into two stages: (1) Radial extension of cambial initial cells, the radial walls become very thin, then vulnerable to frost damage. (2) the original cell starts to split, often compared to the previous stage of this phase 1 to a few weeks later. growth of tree species in the Beijing area, began its activities in the time of the formation of layers, generally in April every year, the middle. In most species, when the formation of layers begin to differentiate, the phloem differentiation are often the first child for a month or more in the xylem long, or both, almost simultaneously differentiation. cambium differentiation stop time, in different habitats and significant changes in both species, the growth of trees in northern temperate regions, mostly concentrated in September.
spring, forming layer recovery activities, the spindle-shaped split the original cells rapidly differentiate into a large number of inner xylem elements, then the differentiation of tracheids or vessel elements of the larger diameter, the number more, thin walls, the small number of wood fiber, it seemed more material loose, this part of the wood is called early wood (or Jiaochun material). to the summer and autumn the same year, cambium activity gradually weakened, the original cell periclinal divisions corresponding slow down the speed of differentiation of cells of smaller diameter, a small number The corresponding increase in the number of wood fiber, this part of the material denser, said late wood (or summer wood). In dicots ring porous wood (such as oaks and ash trees), the early part of the vessel element diameter wood significantly increased, while the late wood of the vessel elements are quite small. gymnosperms diffuse porous wood with wood, wood from morning to night changes in wood, usually gradual, that no significant line. But late in the previous growing season Wood and wood as early as the next growing season, but there are obvious between the lines. of wood from the root and stem cross-sectional point of view, these boundaries become a circle concentric ring pattern, each including the early wood and late wood two parts of the ring, known as growth rings (or growth layer). growth of woody plants in temperate regions, usually one year, only the formation of a growth ring, special call rings.
it represents a form within one year the number of secondary xylem. In a tree, ring up the number gradually decreased from the trunk base.
sometimes in a growing season may be two or more growth rings, that is, multiple rounds of two-wheeled or . such as citrus (Citrus) stem cambium activity peak three times a year, so a year to produce the three rings. Some plants due to sudden changes in climate, such as cold or changed, or long-term drought or pest , and strong typhoons and other special effects of natural disasters, there will be many years round phenomenon. Some people will be formed within one year of the last round of the few growth rings, called the real rings, collectively referred to leave the rest of the round of ring or pseudo- rings. In the case of some of the growing season with frost, especially in late frost, easy to form a layer of primitive cells are damaged, resulting in a band with irregular parenchyma, which said the wounds or frost rings round. also some trees, due to abnormal climate, so that the cambium is not divided until the growth environment for activities only began to form a ring, so that cross section of the timber there will be a corresponding lack of growth rings of the phenomenon. as in semi-arid forest the edge of the trees, or in some old tree trunk at the base of the timber is often the case of missing growth rings.
grow in tropical or subtropical regions of the woody plants, such as eucalyptus, etc., due within one year of no obvious seasons, cambial activity is almost non-stop throughout the year, so that the wood is difficult to see the dividing line between growth ring or rings. However, some species of wood, can be by means of micro chemical methods to identify the boundaries of growth rings. < br> In the same growing season, except the formation of inner layer of the original cells produce large amounts of secondary xylem elements outside the division and differentiation also outside the secondary phloem child, these molecules are arranged according to a certain schema for. particularly in the form layer near the secondary phloem, according to the organization or thick-walled phloem parenchyma of secondary phloem tissue, because some of the cell volume expansion, or some cells are extrusion, and other reasons, the formation of periderm , resulting in this part of the growth ring boundaries blurred. on the secondary phloem, bark or other parts of the formation of layers in the case of growth ring or rings.
the formation of growth rings in wood, many internal and external causes of its influence. For example, in dicots diffuse porous wood species, when the buds sprout before the formation of the whole plant level were not the original cells of endogenous hormones, and only after the production of auxin in the bud germination, when the formation of activity level began to sprout germination in the lower side. As auxin moves down to form a layer of the activities have gradually expanded to the stem base. generally grow to maturity in the leaves half the size, the formation of stem base layer just waking up, But in one year old branches, the new xylem elements has long been polarized, and some even has lignification of the cell wall. from the top to the base of the trunk, the interval between cambial activity and sometimes up to 8m10 weeks. On the contrary, in the ring porous wood to form a layer at the beginning almost simultaneously in different parts of whole event, it can be speculated that auxin precursors may form a layer around the early primitive cells, once the swelling buds, the precursors of auxin promote the formation of the layer into the original auxin cell division. In most species, the new xylem elements of the divergence time, both in the leaves after the commencement of the first 3-18 days. In addition gibberellin and cytokinin in plants such as endogenous hormones, the formation of layer of the original cell division, differentiation, cell wall thickening in xylem elements, and the early wood to late wood so closely related to the transition.
addition to endogenous hormones, the carbohydrate product of photosynthesis is the formation of ring factor. For example, a significant late-wood cell wall thickening, and carbohydrates are more closely related to the supply.
external factors affecting the formation of growth rings, there are light, temperature, rainfall and the supply of mineral nutrients factor. such as growth in long-day (18 hours light cycle) of the locust, both high and low temperatures, are generating a large number of early wood elements. If in the short day (8 hours light cycle) conditions, only small amounts of smaller diameter catheter with or without catheter. In conifers, the changes in tracheid diameter and length of often related with the sunshine. but also the level and temperature are directly related. in the growing season, if you encounter little rainfall or dry heat external factors not only affect the growth of trees, but also limits the activities that form the layer, resulting in a narrow growth rings of wood. Some compared the two grow in different habitats of North American spruce (Picea sitchensis), which grows on tree arid rock crevices, the age of 86 years, while the trunk is only 1.8 cm in diameter, the average ring width of 0.1 mm. and another one grows in natural conditions better place, the number of rings, the average width 12 mm or so, a hundred times the difference between the two actually.
is well known, the growth of woody plants in temperate regions, the stem base of the number of rings, often serve as a basis for determination of age of a tree. ring The width of tree growth reflects not only the speed, volume and annual growth of the pros and cons of such materials, but also environmental factors to measure an important indicator of change. If the rainfall and warm weather conditions, trees grow rapidly, rings the distance is wider; the contrary in the cold and dry conditions, trees grow slowly, the ring becomes narrower. the true width of tree rings recorded the weather conditions each year, so the analysis through the ring, available hundreds or even thousands of years of climate evolution, which predict future climate change, development of such ultra-long-term weather forecast is a more reliable method. as one of the tree-ring analysis of the Tibetan plateau, only a glimpse of the century has two major cooling, the temperature in the region are now apparent rise; in this century, 20 years before and after the peak rainfall, decreased significantly after the current has increased slightly. Through the analysis of growth rings can also conclude that climate change the general rules for a period of about two hundred years, there followed 110 years, 92 years, 72 years, and a small cycle of 33 years.
width of tree rings by the sunspot cycle activity also appears to influence This is because when sunspots increase, the intense solar activity increased, the emitted light and heat are more, which greatly contributed to accelerating the growth of trees, but also widened the distance between the corresponding ring. Through the analysis of growth rings can also be found that the average cycle of sunspot activity is about 11 years.
ring in the analysis, often using cross-dating method, that is to take trees to the tree-ring sequence comparison, and some special wide or narrow special ring as a marker, several groups analyzed the synchronization of the ring set, so you can eliminate false rings, missing rings or up into the last generation to obtain the correct age of each ring.
tree rings or air pollution data repository. for example, by mining the metal deposits, or metal refining and processing of heavy metals in the dust flying out, and gradually settling into the soil near the trees in the growth process, and continuously sucked from the soil into a large number of heavy metals, Results spectrum can be measured in the growth rings of In recent years, the use of tree rings to understand the air pollution situation is beginning to receive attention.
rings on the cross section from the stump can often help identify the direction. because in the process of tree growth. south side of the trunk by more sunlight to form a layer of the original cell division are more rapid, radial growth accelerated, the results of the south ring is wider stems. And in the shady north side of the stem, significantly narrow rings.
【 ],[Some logging camp near Flagstaff to study tree rings, where a new type of cutting, trying to find evidence in the record of these rings to 11 year cycle of sunspot activity. He did not immediately find evidence, but he noted that one area and another area goes for ring pattern seems a. For example, a new cutting of trees, logging camps, which are two thin rings, the outside is a thick ring three other New cutting trees the camp as well. One may infer that this type of show that two years is bad weather, the weather is good for three years. Douglas noted that he found this type of ring around northern Arizona seems Jieyou .
in the first 20 years of this century, the Douglas continue to study the growth rings of the type. In fact, by identifying the growth rings to determine the age old building is Douglas's pioneering work. southwestern United States, the ruins of Indian villages for a long time aroused the interest archaeologists. craftsmen who originally built elaborate villages, many of which have been used a lot of housing obviously century, but then somehow, those villages were abandoned. It is estimated that the village as early as 2000 BC, had been in existence . Douglas started in 1916 investigated the ruins of Indian villages of wood residues was studied to determine its annualized growth rings. to 1929, he finally made a in the use of rings possible unexpected, surprising. For example, in medieval Novgorod, Russia, muddy streets, people go out into the road resurfacing wood. layer stuck on the holes and a layer of mud, At least 28 now has filled the street layer after layer of logs, these logs since the age from AD 953 until 1462, really rings Fair. Again, like Rembrandt and Rubens, etc. artist oil painting, oil painting of the oak tree-ring pattern on the board shows that the age of painting.
ring applications mentioned above, in general, belong to the scope of Dendrochronology. Now the hot topic this subject rings measured from the last major changes in weather and weather.
this work is much more complicated than the dating, because it depends on the growth of the ring at different times between the different widths. As Tree between inter-and Ring has its inherent variability, we can say that this tree another tree than 5 years old, but the ring is difficult to determine the exact number of different widths between.
modern science can ring Speaking from the 60's the University of Arizona biologist Fritz research. Fritz and his colleagues carefully examined the growth of some trees near Tucson process, and even the whole tree branches they have to put the plastic film, to determine whether the uptake and release of a tree, how many kinds of gases. After 10 summers of work, they finally part of a detailed understanding of the entire process of tree ring growth.
growth rings not as simple at first glance. For example, if the tree growth last year was a great year, then the roots will extend the range over previous years, this year the growth of the entire tree will be more than in previous years. Similarly, a bad year will be After several years of growth to slow down, regardless of how the climate of the next few years. the tree out by the analysis of the various effects is a daunting task, but the task, once completed, the results are the same as chronology wide range of uses.
【】 ring and the relationship between geography
we ring around the southwestern United States the data collected, with 100 years of meteorological records to compare, you will see how the rings reflect climate . Therefore, there is no meteorological records for the period, from the aspect of the case of ring formation can be inferred when the climate. Fritz so to the north western United States and Pacific weather map prepared to around AD 1600.
experts also studied the rings of acid rain on eastern U.S. forests. Columbia University's Gordon. Jacoby explained that, as the trees become old, ring has become increasingly thin. This is the normal aging process . so it can be concluded: acid rain on erecting the opposite effect. We must also compare the tree of meteorological data to rule out other possible causes of slower growth. to confirm the impact of acid rain, other than normal conditions must be found obstacles in the growth. Jacoby around New England, in delimited areas of 12 districts that have 3 affected by acid rain, and the remaining nine regions not affected by acid rain.
However, in some cases, the rings can also be used very striking proof of the impact of environmental pollution. For example, a research team found the University of Arizona, British Columbia, Canada Te Laier, a lead ore smelter in the U.S. state of Washington had affected tree growth. The factory started, the tree growth than Normally a lot of difference. But the factory closed a few years later, the situation returns to normal tree growth.
ring also recorded volcanic eruptions. like St. Helens volcanic eruption, large amounts of dust and gases into the stratosphere, cover large areas sun. This will make the temperature dropped below freezing, to leave a tree in a special marker called a cream round. University of Arizona Wa Moer. Ramli House and his colleagues recently studied the Bristlecone pine frost on the wheel, found Many of them are in compliance with the case of volcanic eruptions. East Indies Tan Bola volcano has become the 1816 And the tree also found in South Africa such a cream round. 1626 BC, the cream appeared particularly prominent wheel, Rama round homes that these creams may be caused by a volcanic eruption, volcanic eruptions to the Aegean Sea that Sang ventolin Island was lost. mysterious sinking Atlantis, the story of the sea, it could be derived from that volcanic eruptions. Lamasheti out of the era, although some archaeologists still controversial, but it is by far the most precise age. carbon-14 method by volcanic eruptions that cover the determination of the age of arts and crafts, and Lamasheti the same age also.
ring scientists began to seriously study the short-term phenomenon is another earthquake. earthquakes can cause damage to the tree so that the tree some years later produced a thin ring. Columbia University's Gordon. Jacoby showed me the heart of a pine tree cross-section, it looks irregular thin rings, and the squeeze together, but before it has been growing well .1857 of a major earthquake shook the Southern California desert, just the length of the tree there. In this way, the tree can tell us what that period of time in the fault active period.
Another major problem of concern is this: As the centuries continued burning of coal and oil, a lot of accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, causing global warming future. ring schemes of meteorological data in international relations at will be extended to the year in 1700, in this era began burning coal and oil than the industrial revolution much earlier. Rama homes, said: also used 10 to 20 years to observe the temperature and carbon dioxide. By that time, I am afraid it is too late. We can make the memory of trees to provide us with a variety of useful knowledge, so that we can both proficient in the past, but also predict the future.
on! trees, nothing I do not know, all the answers. But we must be 5.30 in cycle before the mind the memory of trees which make the special day 2007.5.30. Today we do not want to keep the pain to bring up the day it, because it is just an era, a group of persons on the wrong day! 2008.5.30 is coincides with the 60 cycle or transit year's day, it should belong to the extension in 2007, it will allow investors to own the new bloody remember in 2008 thinking the stock market in the chi!
tomorrow I'll buy a new energy, a communication an infrastructure.